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<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt\"><font size=\"3\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">戏剧的</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: #993300\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span></b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">活化石</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: #993300\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"-</font></span></b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">地戏</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: #993300\"></span></b></font></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 地戏又称</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">跳神</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">",</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">是盛行于屯堡区域的一种民间戏曲。以其粗犷、奔放的艺术个性和深邃的文化内涵</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">很受屯堡人的欢迎。一个地戏队跳一部书称为一堂</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">据粗略统计</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">全省约有</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">370</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">多堂。主要分布在以安顺西秀区为中心</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">包括临近的平坝、普定、镇宁、关岭、紫云、清镇、长顺、广顺、贵阳等地的村寨中。安顺市所属的各区、县有</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">300</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">堂</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">仅西秀区就有</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">192</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">堂。因为它活动在农村</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">又是以平地为戏台围场演出</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">属于农民称谓的</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">吹地灰</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">之属</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">故称之为</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">地戏</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">。</span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 地戏见诸于史料记载</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">最早应是明嘉靖年间的《徽州府志》记歙州一带迎汪公时</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">设俳优、狄、胡舞、假面之戏</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">。这里的</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">假面之戏</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">与安顺一带农村抬汪公时地戏队参与活动应是一脉相承。</span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 地戏的产生与延续离不开屯堡人。屯堡人保存了地戏</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">而地戏又增强了屯堡人的依托感和内聚力。屯堡人定居黔土后</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">虽说有黔中地平土肥的天然优势</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">有明王朝对屯田戍边的优惠条件</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">但</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">草创开辟之后</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">人民习于安逸</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">积之既久</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">武事渐废</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">太平岂能长保</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">?</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">识者忧之</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">于是乃有跳神戏之举</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">借以演习武事</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">不使生疏</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">含有寓兵于农之深意。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">正因如此</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">来自江南的屯堡人将源于江南农村的</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">傩舞</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">和</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">嗔拳</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">假面戏</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">借黔中相对封闭的态势</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">借屯堡人怀乡恋土的心理情愫</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">以及演武增威、神灵护佑的需要</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">在安顺这一块古夜郎的领地扎下了根</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">年复一年传承至今。</span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 地戏以村寨为演出单位。一般是一个村寨演一堂戏</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">跳一部书。少数较大的村寨如詹官屯、吉昌屯、狗场屯、西屯、九溪等有两堂乃至三堂戏。演员都是地道的农民。从他们的家谱上看</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">祖上都是征南时的马上将军。他们都曾经为明王朝立下赫赫战功</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">如今他们只能用地戏表演的征战场面来缅怀祖先的战绩了。一堂戏的演员</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">20</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">余人</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">由戏头或称</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">神头</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">负责全部书的排演和指导。</span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 地戏演出地点不在戏台。或村中空坝</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">或平整田土</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">就地围场而演。演出时间一般为两个节令。一是稻谷扬花时节。以农事为主的屯堡人为了祈求一年的辛劳能获得好收成</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">也为了缅怀祭祀祖先</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">在<chsdate w:st=\"on\" isrocdate=\"False\" islunardate=\"True\" day=\"27\" month=\"8\" year=\"2007\" />农历七月十五日</chsdate />中元节期间开箱跳</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">米花神</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">",</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">时间约</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">3?7</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">天。另一个演出时间是一年一度的春节。为了欢庆一年的辛劳所获得的丰收</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">为了祈祷求得来年风调雨顺村寨平安家家康乐</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">在新春到来之际</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">地戏班就</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">鸣锣击鼓</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">以唱神歌</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">。全村男女老少在寒风中看得如醉如痴喜笑颜开。春节期间演出</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">从<chsdate w:st=\"on\" isrocdate=\"False\" islunardate=\"True\" day=\"19\" month=\"2\" year=\"2007\" />农历正月初二</chsdate />开始</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">要跳半月乃至一月。为了增进村寨间的友谊或艺术上的交流</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">有的村寨会互请地戏队去演出。</span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 地戏演出时</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">跳神者首蒙青巾</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">腰围战裙</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">戴假面具于额前</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">手执戈矛刀戟之属</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">随口歌唱</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">应声而舞</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">。地戏的主要表演形式是唱和舞。唱</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">是无乐器伴奏的说唱</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">不分行当</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">只有男女角色之分</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">没有男女声腔之分</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">由剧中角色边说边唱边交待剧情。其舞</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">实则为</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">打</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">",</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">是表现战斗场面的对打格斗。地戏演员从古代战争的骑马步战的厮打格杀中</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">借鉴衍化而形成略具程式的套路。又加之是农民的艺术</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">与农村生活紧密相连</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">在套路的叫法上极富有农家生活情趣。有的村寨还使用铁质的真刀真枪搏杀</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">勇猛逼真</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">铿锵之声不绝于耳</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">看得令人心惊胆战。对打中</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">还吸收当地苗族舞蹈中的舞步和花灯中的</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">四方步</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">",</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">在</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">转</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">和</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">旋</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">中战裙飘舞</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">使惨烈的场面透着刚劲的美。伴唱者手执彩帕纸扇</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">边伴唱边手舞足蹈</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">动作虽简单</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">却使格杀挂上了一条美的彩带。</span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 由于地戏演出的场地有限</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">且农民的经济实力不足</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">而搬演的故事又是千军万马征战的</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">大书</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">",</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">以至在演出的时空转换和表演手法上</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">多使用虚拟、写意、象征来表现实情实景。一个</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">二龙吐珠</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">送出两队人马就代表了两军对垒的千军万马</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">;</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">一个</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">龙出海</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">或</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">龙摆尾</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">绕场一周</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">就象征着人马行程了百里千里</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">;</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">一条板凳可以是雄兵据守的高关</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">;</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">一张桌子可以是巍峨的大山</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">;</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">一棵小树可以是繁茂的树林</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">;</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">一块白布可以是滔滔的大河。《薛丁山征西》中苏锦莲与陈金定交战后</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">苏把面具摘下放在地上退出场</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">观众明白苏锦莲已被陈金定杀死</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">;</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">《三国》长板坡赵云救阿斗一段戏中</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">演员将一双鞋脱下</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">放在用两对锏拼摆成的一个</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">井</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">字旁后退下</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">观众就明白糜夫人不愿拖累赵云已跳井自杀。地戏表演中的虚拟性写意性</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">让人不能不佩服农民艺术家的聪明才智。难怪在</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1992</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">年安顺召开的国际军傩研讨会上</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">国内外专家看了地戏表演后</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">来自北京的一位研究京剧艺术的专家感慨说</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">:"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">徽班进京两百年</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">而地戏存在已几百年</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">我从地戏身上看到了京剧的影子。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 一个地戏剧本就是一部书</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">就是讲唱一个完整的征战故事。不分场次</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">不分生旦净末丑的行当</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">由剧中人物边演边打讲唱完毕。由于它表现的内容是征南而来的屯兵熟悉的军旅生活</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">所表现的人物是屯堡村民所喜爱的薛家将、杨家将、岳家将、狄家将、三国英雄、瓦岗好汉、封神将军等</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">故而几百年来在屯堡村寨中传承至今。</span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 地戏剧本的内容比较单一。可以说是一部部屯堡人景仰、倾慕、效法的英雄人物的赞诗篇。既没有谈情说爱的才子佳人戏</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">也没有抒臆心怀的清官公案戏</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">;</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">既没有悱恻悲切的《窦娥冤》之类</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">也没有妙趣横生的《风筝误》之属。它只有与屯堡人生活紧密相关的反映军旅生活的金戈铁马征战戏</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">只有赞美忠义、颂扬报国的忠臣良将戏。在</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">30</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">来部剧目中</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">所反映的内容都是明清时代脍炙人口的演义说部</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">都是经过艰苦卓绝的奋斗一举成名光宗耀祖的家将书。如《三国演义》、《说唐》、《杨家将》、《岳传》等</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">却没有同为群众喜闻乐见的说妖道怪的《西游记》和抗暴安良的《水浒传》。</span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 头戴面具是地戏演出的重要特征。关于面具的发展</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">在中国已有几千年的历史</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">它是中国傩文化发展轨迹上不可忽视的一个光点。面具在古代先民的社会生活中有着非常重要的功能作用。它掩容增威的威慑功能</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">沟通了人神之间的距离</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">在崇尚图腾畏惧大自然风雨雷电不可知的摧毁力的古代先民心目中</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">是他们对生的希冀和对死的恐惧的膜拜物。</span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 地戏面具俗称</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">脸子</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">。是用丁木和杨木刻制而成。用此两种木料</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">一是取材容易</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">二是木质细疤结少</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">便于用刀。随着人口激增山林减少</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">且独具特色饱熏民俗特征的面具随旅游发展而成为人们喜爱的工艺品</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">大量用材的需要</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">工匠们更青睐易生易长的白杨。</span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 一堂地戏面具的多少视剧中人物而定。少则几十面</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">多则上百面。演出内容的单一化──只有金戈铁马的征战故事</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">使人物角色的分类主要以</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">将</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">为主。粗分可为</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">正将</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">和</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">反将</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"(</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">或称</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">番将</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">")</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">。由于地戏是汉文化的一部分</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">在汉民族正统思想的支配下</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">总以汉人当政一方为正方</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">称</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">正将</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">";</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">以番邦为反方</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">称</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">反将</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">。</span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 面具的用色比较讲究人物的性格特征。按雕刻艺人的话说</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">要跟书走</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">",</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">书中对人物的描述是什么性格</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">就要用艺人们心目中性格化的颜色来表示。以单色论</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">一般红色代表忠勇</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">(</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">如薛仁贵</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">),</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">黑色代表刚烈</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">(</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">如张飞</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">),</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">蓝色代表果敢</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">(</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">如单雄信</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">),</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">绿色代表稳沉</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">(</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">如尉迟宝林</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">),</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">白色代表英武</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">(</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">如马超</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">)</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">。另外</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">书中对人物脸相的描述是什么颜色</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">或者内涵情节因素</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">用色上也必须</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">跟书走</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">。如脸若重枣的关羽用红色</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">性如烈火的黑炭头尉迟恭用黑色</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">脸似金妆的余化是金色</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">因与尉迟恭争当征东元帅举石狮累得吐血而病倒的秦叔宝</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">自然就要用黄色代表了。若单色加上对称的花纹</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">那就是反将了。</span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 地戏</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">作为一种古老的民间戏剧</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">在其戏剧本体中就包含着诸多的祭祀因子。当剧中人物被罩上</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">神</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">的光晕后</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">崇尚多神信奉的屯堡人在把地戏看作娱人娱己的艺术样式时</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">更把剧中人物赋予神性而视为自身命运的主宰者。稼禾的丰歉、村寨的平安、人畜的兴旺等既靠科学技术</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">也依赖神灵的保佑。如此</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">祈福纳吉的祭祀仪式就自然构成地戏演出中的一部分了。</span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 综观地戏艺术</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">从内容到形式</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">也有一些很耐人寻味的地方。就剧目看</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">都是演唱中国历代王朝兴衰、英雄建业的征战故事。何以在中国戏剧已进入鼎盛时期</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">题材范围已大大扩展</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">地戏却固守如此</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">?</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">元代忽必烈的蒙古铁骑驰骋中亚震撼欧洲</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">此伟业可谓惊天动地</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">此争战可谓悲壮惨烈</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">而热衷战争题材的屯堡人却何以对此视而不见呢</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">?</font></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 作为把地戏带来贵州的征南将士</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">大部分都是耕作农民和城市平民</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">军旅生活的职业特性</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">文化水平的局限</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">理所当然地使他们对反映自身生活而易于接受的众多军事题材情有独钟。那一个个出身士卒而经过奋斗终成军中主帅大将的英雄是他们追求的偶像</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">那一位位赤胆忠心义贯长虹的忠臣是他们膜拜的圣杰。如此</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">这一个个英雄人物所构成的英雄故事自然而然地成了屯堡人钟爱的地戏首选的剧目了。詹家屯《三国》神头曾建章就说</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">:"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">老辈人讲</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">我们曾詹两姓跳《三国》已有十六代了</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">主要让儿孙不忘记祖先的光荣</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">不忘掉武艺以防祸乱。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">可见</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">征南入黔的屯堡人需要用演武增威的故事来缅怀祖先激励后辈</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">需要英烈忠勇的英雄义气来宣教增强内部的凝聚力</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">;</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">对于泛神论的屯堡人来说</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">剧中人物的神灵光环</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">始终吸引着他们。当年铁马金戈的威风已随历史的烟云散淡在山野田间</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">而四顾环境的险恶</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">不得不顶礼于这些英雄神将</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">以便获得自我心理平衡。也正是这种强烈而执着的宗教意识</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">把初具戏剧模式的地戏凝固起来</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">年复一年</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">以唱神歌</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">。</span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 也正是基于神灵崇拜的思维走向</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">汉民族正统思想的延续</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">作为推翻元朝统治的明王朝军队</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">作为镇压元朝残余势力而南征入黔落土的屯堡人</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">是绝不会为敌对者去树碑立传歌功颂德的</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">异族的英雄是不能进入神灵的行列的。元人如此</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">清人也如此。地戏剧本里</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">狭隘的民族排他主义</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">只能是正方</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">(</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">汉文化一方</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">)</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">打败反方</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">(</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">番文化一方</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">)</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">。汉文化中的英雄是至高无上的。</span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"> 地戏是屯堡人的一本大书</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">是最能反映屯堡人的行为方式、思维倾向的一项民间艺术。正因为它在人类学、民族学、民俗学、戏剧学等方面富含的文化因子</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">作为一种民间文化</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">詹家屯、蔡官屯、九溪、麒麟屯的地戏队到法国、西班牙、日本、韩国、新加坡、德国和台湾、香港等地区进行过演出和展览。专家学者和朋友也纷纷前来</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">实地进行考察和采风</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">冠以它</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">戏剧活化石</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">、</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">戏剧历史博物馆</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">"</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">的称谓。</span></font></p> |
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